The Nine Ways of Participating in Another’s Sin

Historically, the Church has used the following set of nine ways that one can participate in another’s sins. I take this from the Summa Theologica:

• by command 
• by counsel 
• by consent 
• by flattery 
• by receiving 
• by participation 
• by silence
• by not preventing 
• by not denouncing

These nine items are a good test for our individual actions, but they also provide an excellent standard for corporate behavior.